Secondary Source Material

BOOKS

Binnewies, Robert O. Palisades: 100,000 Acres in 100 Years. New York: Fordham University Press, 2001.

This book was written in order to give a thorough history of the Palisades Interstate Park.  Chapter 15 is devoted to the Storm King case and provides a view of the controversy from the perspective of the Palisade Interstate Park Commission (PIPC). The PIPC became interested in the Storm King case because of the close proximity of Storm King Mountain to the Palisades Park . The chapter highlights the gradual shift in attitude of the PIPC, from their surprising beginning of supporting and working with Con Ed, to finally joining the opposition years later. This chapter provides a full timeline of events of the case (including its conclusion in 1980 and comments about the impact the Storm King case had on environmental law). There is a complete bibliography at the end, (organized by chapter) that contains primary sources such as letters, newspapers, and magazine articles.

Boyle, Robert. The Hudson : A Natural and Unnatural History. New York : Norton, 1969.

Overall, this book contains a natural and unnatural history of the Hudson River and describes the diversity of the Hudson River : demographics, plants, aquatic life, and humans. Chapter 9 discusses the Storm King case (how Consolidated Edison wanted to build a hydroelectric power plant at the base of Storm King Mountain along the Hudson ), the formation of Scenic Hudson and the Hudson River Fisherman's Association to battle the building of the plant, and the events leading up until 1969 (when the book was published). This is the most important chapter of the book, as it presents not only the timeline of events dealing with Storm King but also the author's knowledge of the river and opinions of the effects the plant would have on the river. This book does contain a bibliography at the end, but it is organized according to subject and therefore the Storm King materials are scattered throughout the subjects.

Carmer, Carl. The Hudson. New York : Fordham University Press, [1989].

This book is a history of the Hudson Valley and all the major events that happened along the river up until its original publication in 1939. Some of the major topics covered by Carmer are the colonization by Europeans along the Hudson, the Hudson's crucial role during the Revolutionary War, the Hudson River School of Painters, the steamboats, and industrialization along the Hudson starting in the 1890's. In the afterward, Roger Panetta talks about the significance of the book in the Storm King case and Carmer's role in the proceedings. This book and Carmer were important in the Storm King case because Carmer was the historian expert who spoke at the Court of Appeals trial on the River's behalf about its historical significance and importance to the area.

Cronin, John and Kennedy, Robert F. The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right. New York : Scribner, 1997.

This book discusses the creation of the Hudson Riverkeepers and their fight to keep the river clean. Chapter 1 discusses the Storm King case in general and discusses the fisheries argument (the authors use much of Robert Boyle's information), the organizations formed and laws that were passed as a result of the Storm King case. The result of the case and the laws are described in greater detail in Chapter 5. There is an appendix that gives a national directory of RiverKeeper Programs in the country.

Dunwell, Frances F. The Hudson River Highlands. New York : Columbia University Press, 1991.

This book describes the natural and human experience with the Hudson Highlands and the birth of the modern environmental movement. Chapter 12 provides an in-depth description of the entire Storm King case and includes primary sources such as quotes from newspaper and magazine articles from the 1960's. Dunwell discusses the facts surrounding the case, the people and organizations involved, a chronology of events and legal proceedings, and comments on the effects of this case on environmental law. There is a complete bibliography (organized by chapter) at the end of the book, which is useful for locating more sources regarding the Storm King case.

Kemp, James Furman. The Storm King Crossing of the Hudson River, by the new Catskill aqueduct of New York City. New Haven: J.D. & E.S. Dana, 1912.

Lewis, Tom. The Hudson: A History. Harrisonburg : R.R. Donnelley, 2005.

This book contains a history of the Hudson River Valley from its discovery by Henry Hudson to the 20th century. In the chapter discussing the Hudson River in the 20th century the author briefly discusses the history of the Storm King case, its results and impact.

Lifset, Robert. Storm King Mountain & the Emergence of Modern American Environmentalism 1962-1980. Diss. Columbia University , 2005.

Limburg , Karin E., Moran, Mary Ann, William H. McDowell. Environmental Impact Assessment of the Hudson River Ecosystem: Multiple Case Study and Data Base Review. Ithaca , N.Y. : Ecosystems Research Center , Cornell University , [1985].

This book discusses the scientific data collected to give details about the environmental impact assessment of the Hudson River. Chapter 3 discusses the Storm King case and explains what power plants are, what they do in relation to the river and how they affect the river's ecosystem. The chapter also discusses the research programs and studies sponsored by the utilities as a result of the Storm King case, entrapment and impingement, and the fisheries of the Hudson River.

Limburg, Karin E. The Hudson River Ecosystem. New York : Springer-Verlag, 1986.

This book describes the Hudson River Ecosystem and the effects power plants have on the river. This book contains the same chapter 3 (word for word) that is found in Environmental Impact Assessment of the Hudson River Ecosystem: Multiple Case Study and Data Base Review. Storm King Mountain is only briefly mentioned, however the chapter does a good job of showing how Storm King and another controversy involving closed-cycle cooling towers became linked together to benefit the Utilities.

Limburg , Karin E., Harwell, Christine C. & Simon A. Levin. Principles for Estuarine Impact Assessment: Lessons Learned from the Hudson River and Other Estuarine Experiences. Ithaca , N.Y. : Ecosystems Research Center , Cornell University , 1984.

Lurkis, Alexander. The Power Brink. New York : Icarus Press, 1982.

This book looks at the history of the electrical system in New York City , the rise of Consolidated Edison and their decisions during the time of major blackouts in New York City (1959-1981). Storm King is discussed throughout the book and is most prevalent in chapters 5 and 6, where the author examines and nullifies the argument that the some of the blackouts were caused by environmentalists and their resistance to Storm King.

Pratt, Joseph A. A Managerial History of Consolidated Edison , 1936-1981. New York: Consolidated Edison Company of New York, 1988.

This book relates the history of Con Edison based around themes rather than a narrative and chronological history. Storm King is discussed in Chapter 7 as part of Con Edison's history with Environmentalism. The author examines how Storm King made fundamental changes in Con Edison's operations. As a result of the controversy, Consolidated Edison created new departments within its organizations that specifically dealt with air and water pollution, as well as another organization that studies fish. The fact that the controversy was solved through a mediator is also briefly looked at.

Russell, Dick. Striper Wars: An American Fish Story Washington: Island Press,
2005.

This book gives a brief history of the Striped Bass in America. Chapter 2, “Storm Over The Hudson,” discusses the critical role that striped bass played in the Storm King Mountain controversy. The chapter also focuses a great deal on Robert Boyle and the contributions he made to the Storm King Mountain case, as well as the overall welfare of the Hudson River and its fish populations.

Sandler, Ross & David Schoenbrod. The Hudson River Power Plant Settlement: Materials Prepared for a Conference Sponsored by New York University School of Law and the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. New York : New York University School of Law, 1981.

This report is a collection of materials that is relevant to the Storm King Mountain Power Plant case. The contributors to the report incorporated materials that were easy to understand, and touched upon each of the important aspects of the Storm King Case. This is a wonderful and concise compilation of materials which gives the reader a thorough look at the Storm King case without having to sift through thousands of documents and legal papers.

Sondheimer, Carol & Stephen H. Lopez. Scenic Quality in the Lower Hudson River Valley: Proceedings of a Conference on Assessing and Preserving Visual Resources, Cunneen-Hackett Cultural Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, November 14, 1984 . New York State : s.n., 1984.

This is a record of the proceedings of a conference that took place concerning the scenic quality of the Lower Hudson River Valley. The Conference was held in 1984, not long after the Storm King Mountain environmental case finally concluded. Its purpose was to provide guidelines for people to use for anything involving scenic quality. In the conference a wide variety of topics were discussed, from how to identify scenic areas, to how towns are currently trying to preserve the scenic quality of the area, to the importance of public opinion, to the state and federal tools and resources that are available and how to utilize them. Although there is no specific mention of the Storm King Case in the conference, it is a guarantee that the conference was held because of the influence and example of the power plant case.

Talbot, Allan R. Settling Things: Six Case Studies in Environmental Mediation . Washington , D.C. : Conservation Foundation, Ford Foundation, 1983.

This book discusses 6 environmental cases from around the country and looks at how mediation works in environmental disputes. Chapter 1 describes the Storm King Mountain case, and looks at the negotiations between Con Ed, the state, and the environmental groups, especially towards the end of the disagreement. The author outlines each of the parties' demands and discusses the concessions and agreements that were made to solve the dispute. The main character described in this chapter is Russell Train, who served as mediator between the two main sides from 1979-1980. At the end of the book, Talbot reviews his opinion on how successful environmental mediation is, how it should be implemented in the future, and how mediation processes should be funded.

Talbot, Allan R. Power Along the Hudson : The Storm King Case and the Birth of Environmentalism . New York : Dutton, 1972.

This book discusses the Storm King case in detail up until 1972 – it covers the initial planning stages of the plant by Con Ed, the conflict with Scenic Hudson, each of the trials up until 1972, the role of the Rockefeller brothers, Con Ed's attempts to compromise, and many other key players involved in the Storm King case. Along with the details of the Storm King case, the author provides a history of the mountain and the effects canals had on the mountain, information about the highway that was to be built on the Tappan Zee lands in Westchester Co, and his own thoughts and analysis of the Storm King case and its impact on environmental law. This book is well-written, detailed, and an excellent resource.

United States . Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment.  Storm King Mountain: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Ninety-Third Congress, Second Session, on Oversight on Proposal of Consolidated Edison Co. of New York to Construct a Pump Storage Plant on Storm King Mountain, N.Y., February 19, 1974 . Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1975.

Wright, Francis Milton. The Politics of an Environmental Interest Group: A Case Study of the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference . Diss. University of Colorado , 1973.

This dissertation studies in depth the formation of the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference, covering the reasons why the group was formed, and the Storm King Mountain Controversy. The dissertation covers the entire case, going into a lot of detail, from the beginning until 1973. The case is covered from the viewpoint of Scenic Hudson. The cases before the FPC, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court are all studied. Every move that Scenic Hudson took was mentioned and the reasons behind it explained in depth. The internal workings of Scenic Hudson from its struggling beginning fazes to its current accomplished and professional faze are analyzed, and how this change affected the Storm King Case is analyzed as well. Although the dissertation is clearly written from an environmentalist standpoint, it goes into the most depth seen to date, and it is an excellent resource.

 

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Barnthouse, L.W., J. Boreman, S.W. Christensen, C.P. Goodyear, W. Van Winkle, and D.S. Vaughan. “Population biology in the courtroom: The lesson of the Hudson River controversy.” Bioscience 34.1 (1984): 14-19.

This article focuses on the development of biology studies and their use in the courtroom. The authors are of the opinion that the Hudson River controversy acted as a catalyst for the development of much more sophisticated biology studies. As the Storm King case progressed, scientists had to come up with increasingly more complex and in-depth reports on the potential effects of the plants on fish, and more specifically bass, in the Hudson River. The studies progressed from reports, to charts, graphs, and drawings, to actual working models of what might happen in certain situations. Although the data was imperfect, these studies were still invaluable, and played a very important role in the settlement that ended the Storm King powerplant case. The authors believe that models and studies such as these will be increasingly useful in more courtroom cases.

“Battle at Storm King.” National Parks Magazine XLII December 1968: 19-20.

This article from the “News and Commentary” section in the National Parks Magazine gives a brief update of what has been happening in the Storm King Mountain power plant case. It covers the Court of Appeals overturn of the F.P.C’s license to Consolidated Edison to build the plant, the new hearings and the examiner’s decision that Con Ed should still be licensed to build the plant. The author mentions the actions that have been taken by conservationists, and that New York City has now entered the battle, supporting the opponents of the power plant. They are concerned that the blasting for the plant will damage the Catskill Aqueduct, which is the main source of water for New York City.

Boyle, Robert H. “Hudson River Lives,” Audubon March 1971, 73(2): 14-58.

This article is in essence a condensed version of Boyle’s book The Hudson – A Natural and Unnatural History.  Boyle describes the Hudson River wildlife, fisheries, pollution, and the pending litigation cases involving the Hudson River (including the Storm King case), as well as offering his advice and opinion as to what should be done to protect and preserve the Hudson River. 

 

Buzzetto-More. “The Story of Black Rock: How An Early Sustainable Forest Spawned The American Environmental Movement and Gave Birth To a Unique Consortium That Links Science, Conservation, and Education.”

This article covers the history of Black Rock Forest , which was given as a gift to Harvard University from James Stillman. A portion of the forest was threatened by the Consolidated Edison plan to build a pumped-storage plant on Storm King Mountain. The author briefly recounts the Storm King Controversy, and the environmental movement that was spawned because of it. The rest of the paper focuses on the decision making process that decided what would happen to the Black Rock Forest. Storm King Mountain was given over to the PIPC, but Harvard still had control over the rest of the forest. The land was eventually sold to what is now known as the Black Rock Forest Consortium, which is made up of dozens of schools, universities, and scientific institutions who use the land for scientific observation. The land is also open to the public on a daily basis.

“Con Ed Delays; Harper’s Attacks.” Scenic Hudson News Spring 1978: 1.

This article in Scenic Hudson News briefly mentions a few good events that have vindicated some opinions and claims that Scenic Hudson have been saying for years. An example is that Con Edison has delayed the operation date of the Storm King plant for another four years, which Scenic Hudson sees as proof that Con Ed really does not need the Storm King power plant. The majority of the article discusses the attack against Scenic Hudson made in the article “Environmentalism and the Leisure Class,” that was published in Harper’s Magazine. Scenic Hudson replies to attacks and criticisms that were made toward them in the Harper’s Article. In addition, they remind people who Scenic Hudson really is, and what they stand for. They also address the jet turbine alternatives, the threat to the fish in the Hudson, and the 1977 blackout, which they claim the author of “Environmentalism and the Leisure Class” had completely wrong.

“Dig They Must?” Newsweek 21 Dec. 1964 : 67-68.

This article gives a brief synopsis of what the Storm King controversy is about. It covers why the storage plant supporters are claiming the structure needs to be built, and it covers why its opponents are doing what they can to fight it. The article provides examples from both sides of the argument, but in the end the magazine clearly gives its support to the opponents of the pumped storage plant.

“Hydropower and the Hudson Highlands.” National Parks Magazine Apr. 1965.

This article is a Letter to the Editor of the National Parks Magazine. The author is a conservationist, and he/she expresses their disappointment at the decision of the Federal Power Commission to license the pumped storage power plant on Storm King Mountain. The author mentions the beauty of the Hudson Highlands, and that the conservationists are not questioning the need for more power, but the method in which Consolidated Edison is planning on supplying the power.

Kessler, Felix and Benedict, Roger W. “Unhappy Utility,” The Wall Street Journal
26 August 1968: 1.

This article examines the issues surrounding Con Edison when Charles F. Luce took over as CEO. Some of the problems Con Edison was dealing with were unhappy customers, high prices, poor image, briberies, high payroll, and outdated equipment. There is little said about the proposed plant at Cornwall other than the company is facing opposition from conservationists.

Kaufman, Irving R. “Power for the People – And By the People: Utilities, the Environment and the Public Interest.” Administrative Law Review Winter 1972, 24(1): 3-14.

This article discusses suggestions for having more successful citizen participation in the problem of finding suitable locations to build new power plants and other facilities. The author uses the Storm King Mountain controversy as his prime example of how the current system does not work and only leads to years of delay. He believes that a new Federal Agency needs to be developed that can look upon these issues with a broader view, and works with public participation rather than restricting it.

“Letters to the Editor.” Harper’s Feb. 1978.

This section of Harper’s magazine was specifically put together in response to William Tucker’s article, “Environmentalism and the Leisure Class.” There are nine letters to the editor posted, all responding to Mr. Tucker’s article. Five of the response letters were criticizing Mr. Tucker’s article, and four of them were supporting it. The letters criticizing the article pointed out misinformation in Mr. Tucker’s article, and answered his arguments for why Storm King was important, and most importantly, why environmentalists were not made up of wealthy elitists. The letters that supported Mr. Tucker’s article often gave examples of what they believed were environmentalists going to the extreme. At the end of the article, Mr. Tucker wrote a reply to the letters that were written to Harper’s criticizing his article. He corrects mistakes he made in his original article, as well as counters the arguments that his critics made about certain points he wrote about. He still stands by everything that he wrote before.

Lifset, Robert. “ The Environmental is Political: The Story of the Ill-Fated Hudson River Expressway, 1965-1970.”

This article discusses the Hudson River Expressway, a highway that was to be built (but was never completed) from Beacon to New York City in order to help relieve congestion on the New York State Thruway. It was heavily opposed by local townships and environmental groups such as the Citizens Committee for the Hudson Valley and the Sierra Club. The Citizens Committee made the fight to save the river even broader as it coincided with Scenic Hudson’s fight to save Storm King Mountain. The Citizens Club called upon Scenic Hudson for help and David Sive, member of Scenic Hudson and the Sierra Club, was sent to handle the legal work for the Citizens Club. The group was ultimately successful as the highway was never built. 

Luce, Charles F. “Power For Tomorrow: The Siting Dilemma.” Environmental Law Spring 1970: 60 – 71.

This article was originally a speech that Mr. Luce gave before the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. In it, Mr. Luce discusses the country’s need for more power, as well as people’s unwillingness to have power plants constructed near them. He gives a very brief history of the Storm King Power Plant, as well as the Indian Point #2 power plant. He moves on to discuss the process that power plants must go through to be approved. In conclusion he sums up that the process to get power plants approved is ineffective, because it can and is being held up for years because of protests from groups and individuals. On the other hand, he is also unable to think of any new agency that could be formed that would allow the process to go along more smoothly and quickly. He believes the power companies’ best option right now is to put all their efforts into making the public understand how much America needs these power plants, and that some compromises as to location must be made in order for Americans to have the power that they demand.

“Must God’s Junkyard Grow?” Life 31 July 1964.

This short article gives a brief description of what the Storm King Mountain controversy is about for the benefit of those readers who do not live in New York and have not heard about the case. The article goes on to ask if the conservation issue is of local or national concern. It concludes that it is a local problem, although the magazine believes that it should be of national concern, along with other local conservation issues that are named, because effects local communities does, in the end, effect the nation as well.

O’Hanlon, Thomas. “Con Edison: The Company You Love to Hate.” Fortune March 1966.

This article gives a brief description of the history of Consolidated Edison, their management, and the problems that they are facing today. Con Ed is one of the most disliked utilities in the country, and Mr. O’Hanlon discusses why that is, and why the Management of Con Ed is not doing anything about it. The Storm King Mountain power plant and the controversy surrounding it is mentioned in relation to how the public is one of the company’s foremost opponents, and how they are blocking the utility from projects that they feel is necessary.

Pringle, Laurence. “Storm over Storm King,” Audubon July-August 1968: 60-73.

This article gives a good description of the events of the Storm King Case up until the second Federal Power Commission’s decision to grant Con Edison the license to build the plant. The article discusses the issues and problems surrounding the case, including the impact of the plant on the natural beauty of the Hudson Highlands. The author clearly supports Scenic Hudson’s fight to save Storm King Mountain and agrees that this case is a landmark case in environmental law.

Sandler, Ross. “Storm King Mountain, revisited.” Environment 20.5 (1978): 2

This article recaps what has happened so far in the Storm King Mountain controversy. The author focuses on the article “Environmentalism and the Leisure Class,” that was published in Harper’s Magazine in November 1977, and the impact that it had. The author also discusses an article that was published in Science that also discusses the Storm King Mountain case, and he compares the Science article to the Harper’s article. The two articles take opposite positions; however Mr. Sandler feels that both articles miss pertinent information, which he covers. The basic conclusion that he comes to is that when it comes to the courts and environmental law, they will never be able to do enough to satisfy Science magazine, and will always do more than Harper’s wants.

Seymour, Jr., Whitney N. “Militant Adversary of Progress: Stephen P. Duggan.” The Amicus Journal Winter 1981: 12-13.

This article is written about Stephen Duggan, one of the founders of the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference, and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). The article describes the work he and his wife did for the Storm King Mountain Case, as well as giving a brief description of what the case was about. The article goes on to say that it was his work on the Storm King Mountain case that led to the foundation of the NRDC. The author firmly believes that the modern environmental movement owes a huge debt to Stephen Duggan, and that without the contributions that he made, nobody could say for certain that the environmental movement would exist in its present form.

Tucker, William. “Environmentalism and the Leisure Class: Protecting birds, fishes, and, above all, social privilege.” Harper's Dec. 1977: 49-56, 73-80.

This article discusses the Storm King Mountain controversy from the side of the environmentalists, but takes the unique stance of interpreting the environmentalists' motives as selfish, and criticizing them for blocking the plant. The author maintains that the majority of the environmentalists were members of the wealthy “leisure class” who did not want Storm King built because it would destroy the view from their mountain estates. He claims that the pumped storage plant on Storm King was needed and would have been very useful for all the average citizens out there who needed power at more reasonable costs. The author claims that all arguments given by the opposition as to why Storm King should not be built were disproved, and that Scenic Hudson merely continued to search for new twists on old evidence so they could present “new evidence” and delay the project into the ground.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

1962

“Con Ed Stepping Up Cornwall Plans.” The Middletown Times Herald Record 3 Dec. 1962: 8.

This Times Herald Record article reports the steps Con Edison is taking in order to be ready to apply to the Federal Power Commission (FPC) for a license to build the plant, such as aerial surveys of the area and negotiations to buy the land needed for the project.

“Con Edison in Orange.” Editorial. The Middletown Times Herald Record 4 Oct. 1962: 58.

This Times Herald Record editorial comments on Con Edison’s proposed hydroelectric plant, saying it would be an overall benefit to the Hudson Valley and holds great promise for progress in the area.

“Cornwall-on-Hudson Officials Deny Plant May Pollute.” The Middletown Times Herald Record
11 Oct. 1962: 65.

This Times Herald Record article reports that Mayor Donahue of Cornwall denies implications that the plant will pollute the village’s water supply with Hudson river water seeping into the ground because the two reservoirs are a mile apart, the natural course of seepage is higher reservoir to lower gully away from the reservoirs, and Con Edison plans a leak-proof dam and will compensate for any overflow.

“Cornwall Power Plant.” Editorial. The Evening News 27 Sep. 1962: 6A.

This Evening Times editorial comments on the Con Edison proposed hydroelectric plant and believes that some questions need to be answered, such as the effect on the Cornwall water supply, whether the Hudson river water would be treated before its pumped into Cornwall, and the effect of tunneling upon underground water sources.

“Giant Power Project Slated for Cornwall.” The Evening News 26 Sep. 1962: 1.

This Evening News article announces Con Edison’s plans to build a $115 million dollar hydroelectric plant in the Town of Cornwall in order to provide more electricity to New York City, scheduled to be completed by 1966.

“Huge Power Plant Planned on Hudson .” New York Times 27 Sep. 1962 : 1.

This article in the New York Times announces Consolidated Edison's plans to construct a pumped storage power plant on the Hudson River . The article is strictly factual, describing what the plant will do, how it will work, and how much it will cost. Some statements from the chairman of Con Ed reveals that the company plans on requesting a license from the FPC very soon, and that Con Ed does not anticipate any problems in the process.

McManus, Michael J. “Cornwall Opposition Expected on Con-Edison Reservoir
Plan.” The Middletown Times Herald Record 1 Oct. 1962: 5.

This Times Herald Record article reports that the mayor of Cornwall expects some opposition to Con Edison’s proposed hydroelectric plant because of some people’s concern that the natural beauty of the area will be ruined, but doesn’t believe this will occur. The article also lists the reasons why the plant would be good for the area.

“Objections Raised on Con Ed Location.” The Evening News 12 Dec. 1962: 2A. 

This Evening News article reports on a Village of Cornwall meeting where objections were raised by a Cornwall resident named George Brooks, who questioned Con Edison about the transmission lines and the test boring Con Edison wanted to do on his property.

Poche, Ward. “Con Edison Aims at May 1 Starting Date.” The Evening News 12 Dec. 1962: 2A.

This Evening News article discusses the announcement of Con Edison plans thus far in a public meeting. In the meeting officials discussed water supply plans, results of the first meeting with the consulting engineering firm on the water supply, and answered questions and concerns people had with the project.

Poche, Ward. “Con Edison Held Without Right to Condemn Supply.” The Evening News
13 Oct. 1962: 1B.

This Times Herald Record article reports that a Cornwall town attorney filed an opinion with the Town Board stating that he felt that Con Edison did not have the power to condemn the Cornwall Village reservoir for its proposed hydroelectric plant and they would have to negotiate for the use of the reservoir with the Town of Cornwall. The article discusses whether or not Con Edison has the legal right to take property for the use of a utility.

Poche, Ward. “Official Cornwall Reaction Favors Con Edison Project.” The Evening News
28 Sep. 1962: 9A.

This Evening News article reports on the reaction to the hydroelectric plant by Cornwall officials. The majority of Cornwall officials seem to favor the project on the condition the water supply is met, as well as feel the project would lower taxes in the area and bring more business to Cornwall.

“Power Project Due in Cornwall.” The Evening News 26 Sep. 1962: 1.

This Evening News article reports that Consolidated Edison Co. of New York plans to build a multi-million dollar project involving pumping water from the Hudson River into an artificial reservoir high in the Cornwall mountain area and releasing it during peak energy needs through turbines that would harness the energy. The plant, if built, would be the biggest hydroelectric plant in the world, exceeded only by the Niagara and Grand Coulee systems.

Rhoades, Al. “Cornwall’s Con Edison Plant Awaits Federal Approval.” The Evening News
29 Sep. 1962: 2A.

This Evening News article talks about the hydroelectric plant at Storm King Mountain, the benefits of the plant, Con Edison’s cooperation with Cornwall and Central Hudson, and the effects on the Cornwall water supply. The article also mentions that there will be opposition to the hydroelectric plant since there was strong opposition to the Air Force when they wanted to build an underground super combat installation under White Horse Mountain in 1959.  Residents of Cornwall thought the project would threaten their water supply because the blasting would cause the reservoir to leak and this opposition ultimately forced the Air Force to abandon the idea.

Rhoades, Al. “Suitable Water Supply Seen by Cornwall Mayor.” The Evening News
27 Sep. 1962: 1.

This Evening News article discusses Con Edison’s plans for the hydroelectric plant in Cornwall, such as how the plant will function and the impact on Cornwall’s water supply. The article notes that Con Edison will provide and pay for a suitable substitution for water supply for the Village of Cornwall.

Smith, Gene. “Old Idea Revived For Hydro Power/ Technique Dating From ’28 Is Back In Vogue Again.” New York Times 21 Oct. 1962: 157.

This article in the New York Times discusses how some electric companies are utilizing older technology to provide cheaper power to their customers. The article focuses on hydroelectric plants, using as an example the pumped storage power plant that Consolidated Edison is planning to build on the Hudson River. The author describes in detail how a pumped storage power plant works, the advantages that it has over the traditional plants being used, and the new technology that has been developed to make these plants more efficient.

“Town’s Con Edison Request Filed by Cornwall Board.” The Evening News 18 Dec. 1962: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that the Town of Cornwall wishes to be included in future discussions with Con Edison about the Village’s water supply, as they feel they have a beneficial interest in the supply. The article also reports on letters received by the board from Cornwall residents regarding the fate of the village’s reservoirs.

“U. S. Agency May Call Hearing on Cornwall Power Plant Plan.” The Middletown Times Herald Record 4 Oct. 1962: 19.

This Times Herald Record article reports that the Federal Power Commission (FPC) may request a public hearing before it gives its permission to Con Edison to build the hydroelectric plant, which may delay the start of the project. However, Con Edison is still planning to complete the project by 1968. The Village of Cornwall has not approved the plan and is hiring an engineering consulting firm to determine if there is another water source for Cornwall.

 

1963

Booth, Malcolm A. “Cornwall Studies New Water Supply.” The Times Herald Record
16 Jul. 1963: 12.

This Times Herald Record article reports that Harvard University’s board of trustees would have to rule on the Village’s request to raise the water level at Arthur’s Pond, since as a result portions of Black Rock Forest would be flooded.

“Catskill Aqueduct Possible Source of Cornwall Water.” The Evening News 24 Jan 1963: 3A.

Part four of the Hazen and Sawyer report reprinted by the Evening News. This portion of the report discusses the use of the Catskill Aqueduct as a supplemental source of water to the Village of Cornwall.

“Con Ed May Give Rock to Cornwall Yacht Club.” The Middletown Times Herald Record
9 Mar. 1963: 5.

This Times Herald Record article reports what Con Edison might do with the extra rock that will be blasted from Storm King Mountain where the plant and tunnel is to go. The Cornwall Yacht club has expressed interest in the rock for their breakwater, but has put in no formal request to Con Edison for the rock.

“Con Ed Lines to Go Under River; Cornwallites Pleased.” The Evening News 24 Jan. 1963: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison will be submerging the power cables under the Hudson River as to avoid spoiling the natural beauty of the Hudson Valley. Con Edison also announced that it would be increasing the capacity of the plant from six machines to eight in order to generate two million kilowatts of power. Residents of Cornwall, including the Cornwall Garden Club, seemed pleased with the Con Ed announcement.

“Con-Ed Plan to Affect Harvard Forest Tests.” The Middletown Times Herald Record
23 Feb. 1963: 3.

This Times Herald Record article reports that the manager of Black Rock Forest believes that the experiments that have taken place at Black Rock for over 30 years would be flooded and destroyed by Con Edison when they took over the Upper Reservoir and these studies are priceless and irreplaceable. Harvard cannot back the plans for Con Edison unless they know the extent of flooding there will be when they take over the reservoir.

“Con Ed Reports on Cornwall plan.” The Times Herald Record 5 Apr. 1963: 29.

This Times Herald Record article reports on Con Edison’s proposed hydroelectric plan, which was motivated by the release of the artist’s drawing of the proposed plant.

“Con Ed’s New Plant Will Up Valuation, Cut Taxes.” The Middletown Times Herald Record
26 Feb. 1963: 56a.

This Times Herald Record article reports on the benefits the hydroelectric plant will bring to the area and also addresses some of the concerns of residents and conservationists.  According to Con Edison, the plant will be quiet, have no smell, and appears to present no adverse threat to the conservation or wildlife in the area.  The plant will also boost property values and reduce taxes for residents.

“Con Ed’s Offer.” Editorial. The Middletown Times Herald Record 18 Jan. 1963: 26.

This Times Herald Record editorial makes comments on the Hazen and Sawyer report and urges the village officials to read over carefully the report. It also questions whether the report is geared towards answering Con Edison’s concern (which is devising a solution to the water supply) or to the Village of Cornwall’s concern, (which is deciding whether the project would be detrimental to the village or not). The writer believes the report is most likely to be in favor of Con Edison, since they are the ones ultimately paying for the study.

“Con Edison Agrees to Pay Costs in Cornwall Pact.” The Evening News 5 Mar. 1963: 8A.

This Evening News article is a reprint of the agreement reached between Con Edison and the Village of Cornwall regarding the testing and study fees for finding an alternate water supply.

“Con Edison Awaits Hearing By FPC on Cornwall Plant.” The Evening News 29 Aug. 1963: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that the FPC has not set a date for the hearings on Con Edison’s proposed hydroelectric plant, and that the demolition team from Montgomery hired by Con Edison reported that his work of demolishing homes in the plant area is about 95% complete.  The article also mentions that the test boring in the Village of Cornwall was showing promise for an alternate water supply.

“Con Edison Defends Survey.” The Evening News 22 Jan. 1963: 3A.

This Evening News article reports that an editorial in the Cornwall Local suggested to the Village that they should conduct their own water survey and not just rely on Con Edison’s, to which Con Edison recommended the firm Hazen and Sawyer of New York to the Village for them to conduct another water survey for a replacement water supply.

“Con Edison Pays It All.” Editorial. The Middletown Times Herald Record 8 Mar. 1963: 26.

This Times Herald Record editorial comments that by asking Con Edison to pay for extra legal fees and therefore reimbursing the village attorney, places the village attorney in a possible conflict of interest. The editors feel that this is just another mistake the village has made, along with asking Con Edison to pay for the engineer’s costs, and that the village cannot expect to retain independence when Con Edison is paying for everything in the negotiations.

“C-on-Hudson engineers doubt Con Edison Plant Will Hurt Wells.” The Times Herald Record
3 Apr. 1963: 45.

This Times Herald Record article reports that Hazen and Sawyer has stated that it doesn’t believe that proposed hydroelectric plant will affect water wells in the area, but that this could not be proven until after the plant was in operation.

“Conservation Groups Organize to Oppose Hydroelectric Plants.” The Cornwall Local
21 Nov. 1963: 10.

This Cornwall Local article reports on the formation of a conservation society that calls themselves the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference.  Scenic Hudson was formed in order to fight the utilities and their plans to build hydroelectric plants along the beautiful and scenic Hudson River. The article describes Carl Carmer, honorary chairman, and Leo Rothschild, chairman, of Scenic Hudson.

“Cornwall and Con Edison.” Editorial. The Middletown Times Herald Record 20 Feb. 1963: 38.

This Times Herald Record editorial agrees with the suggestions made by two Cornwall residents that the Village of Cornwall needs to hire its own team of experts to negotiate with Con Edison, since there still has been no written agreement between the Village of Cornwall, Con Edison, and Hazen and Sawyer.

“Cornwall, Con Edison Sign Secret Contract.” The Middletown Times Herald Record
1 Mar. 1963: 12.

This Times Herald Record article reports that a contract was signed between the Village of Cornwall and Con Edison, but the text of the agreement is a secret.  Mayor Donahue made a written contract stating that Con Edison agrees to pay for all expenses dealing with the engineering firm hired to find an alternate water supply for the village.

This Times Herald Record article reports that Con Edison has filed its application with the Federal Power Commission (FPC) and has made several changes to the application as requested by the FPC. The changes were made in order to preserve the natural beauty of the area, and Con Edison does not expect any difficulty in getting the application approved by the FPC.

“Cornwall Power Plant Hodgepodge.” Editorial. The Middletown Times Herald Record
27 Feb. 1963: 34.

This Times Herald Record editorial warns the Village of Cornwall that they are heading towards the sale of the village’s priceless water supply under the terms and conditions set by the buyer, Con Edison, and/or the buyer’s agent, Hazen and Sawyer, water engineers, and advises them to seek an independent appraisal of the reservoir.

“Cornwall Seeking New Source for Water Supply in Village.” The Middletown Times Herald Record 7 Jan. 1963: 5.

This Times Herald Record article reports that Hazen and Sawyer, the engineering firm the Village of Cornwall hired to asses their water supply, has recommended two alternative water supply options: Tapping the Catskill Aqueduct, or drilling a deep high-powered well into Cornwall soil.

“Cornwall Water Study Engineers Offer 6 Recommendations to Follow.” The Evening News
25 Jan. 1963: 3A.

Part five is the final installment of the Hazen and Sawyer report reprinted by the Evening News.  The report finds that the Upper Reservoir can be replaced with alternate water supplies for the Village of Cornwall. The engineers recommended Cornwall improve existing reservoirs, ask permission to use Black Rock Forest for more water, and if necessary tap into the Catskill Aqueduct. The report also provides estimates in cost for the project and recommends the village get Con Edison to pay for all of the changes.

“Defacing the Hudson .” New York Times 29 May 1963 : 22.

This article in the New York Times is written in protest to the Storm King Power Plant. The scenic value of Storm King Mountain is discussed. The author compares putting a power plant on Storm King Mountain to putting one in the center of Central Park .

Devine, Jack. “Cornwall Board to Analyze Suggestions on Con Edison.” The Evening News
20 Feb 1963: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that the Village Board is meeting to decide whether or not to take the suggestions of Stephen Duggan and Lee Mailler on whether or not to hire specialized outside legal and engineering services for its negotiations with Con Edison. 

Devlin, John C. “Power Plan Stirs Battle On Hudson/ Conservation Groups Rally to Protest Construction of Hydroelectric Projects/ Governor Gets Plea/ Storm King Mountain Area in Highlands Said to Be in Danger of Defacement.” New York Times 22 May 1963 : 39.

This article in the New York Times discusses the opposition that is beginning to build against the pumped storage plant on Storm King Mountain. According to the article the leading group of opponents is the New York – New Jersey Trail Conference. The article mentions the concerns that the opposition has, including some from the Army Corps of Engineers about the safety of boats and canoes on the river. The article also briefly describes how the power plant would operate.

“Dual Systems Proposed at Cornwall.” The Evening News 22 Jan. 1963: 2A.

Part two of the Hazen and Sawyer report reprinted by the Evening News. This segment of the report discusses the use of a portion of Black Rock Forest as part of a replacement for the loss of the Upper Reservoir to Con Edison.

“Engineering Firm Makes Survey of Water in Cornwall Area.” The Evening News 21 Jan. 1963: 2A.

This Evening News article is the first article in a series of five articles that discusses the possible effects of the loss of the Cornwall reservoir on the community. The article (and remaining four articles) is a reprint of the report done by the Hazen and Sawyer engineering firm from New York, who were specialists in water and sewer works. The report includes recommendations of replacement of the upper reservoir losses to the Village of Cornwall.

“Fight Is Widened On Hudson Plants/ Conservationists Push Drive Against Power Companies.” New York Times 17 Nov. 1963 : 59.

This article in the New York Times discusses the fight over Storm King Mountain . A very brief description of what the fight is over is mentioned, and then the author goes into how the opposition has been stepping up its game against the power companies. The Governor and other authority figures have been continually contacted, seeking support, and although nothing has come of these petitions yet, the opposition feels that the increased pressure will have an effect.

“Full Impact of Con Ed Plant Would Not Be Felt for 5 Years.” The Times Herald Record
2 Apr. 1963: 9. 

This Times Herald Record article reports that the planned hydroelectric plant would not fully affect the Cornwall Central School district tax structure for at least five years, presuming the plant goes through and is approved by state and federal agencies.

“Inspection Basis Approved for Con Edison Project.” The Evening News 19 Nov. 1963: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that the Cornwall Village Board has decided to rely on Con Edison and state reports for determining satisfactory construction of the plant. The Mayor met with the Mayor of Buchanan, where Con Edison built the nuclear plant at Indian Point, and was advised to use Con Edison and state inspectors as it would cost them much more to hire their own.

“Mayor Expects Swift Action.” The Evening News 16 Jan. 1963: 6D.

This Evening News article reports that the Mayor of Cornwall expects the Con Edison project to move quickly once the Cornwall Village Board reviews the report done by a water engineering firm from New York. It also mentions the progress Con Edison has made with property owners regarding land.

Ottaway, Jim Jr. “Con Ed to Pay Village Attorney’s Extra Costs.” The Middletown Times Herald Record 5 Mar. 1963: 4. 

This Times Herald Record article reports that Con Edison has agreed to reimburse the Village of Cornwall for the additional legal expenses of village attorney Raymond Bradford. The mayor commented that the agreement included payment for any extra expenses and the cost of any legal assistance the lawyer may ask for during negotiations with Con Edison.

Ottaway, Jim Jr. “Utility Allocates $650,000 for Cornwall Lands.” The Middletown Times Herald Record 18 Feb. 1963: 1.

This Times Herald Record article reports that in Con Edison’s application to the FPC, they expect to spend $650,000 for purchasing land needed for their hydroelectric plant. The article also includes cost estimates for the entire project, land and land rights, powerhouse structure, etc.

Ottaway, Jim Jr. “Utility Won’t Pay for Private Cornwall Experts.” The Middletown Times Herald Record 20 Feb. 1963: 3.

This Times Herald Record article reports that despite concerns made by Stephen Duggan and Lee Mailler, Con Edison is not likely to pay for the same study to be done again unless something was wrong with the Hazen and Sawyer one. The article reports on the comments made by Con Edison’s George Delaney of their public information office in regards to the suggestion of a second opinion.

Poche, Ward. “Con Edison Awards Pact for Cornwall Demolition.” The Evening News
16 Jul. 1963: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison has hired a local demolition crew from Montgomery to begin demolishing buildings along the waterfront to make room for the hydroelectric plant. However, construction will not start until Con Edison gets approval from the FPC and no hearing date has been set yet.

Poche, Ward. “Con Edison Delays Starting Date of Its Cornwall Project.” The Evening News
15 Apr. 1963: 1.

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison had to delay their target May 1 start date of construction because they have not received approval from the FPC.  The article also mentions that Con Ed has been obtaining waterfront property for the plant but has yet to negotiate the terms for the Upper Reservoir in Cornwall.

Poche, Ward. “Cornwall Approves Pay for Engineers.” The Evening News 2 Apr. 1963: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that the Village of Cornwall has authorized payment to Hazen and Sawyer for the studies done on the water supply and expects to be reimbursed by Con Edison. There also is discussion of how the village is making arrangements with property owners to have test boring for wells in and out of the village. The article includes the text of the resolution passed dealing the payment and future drilling.

Poche, Ward. “Cornwall, Con Ed Sign Agreement.” The Evening News 1 Mar. 1963: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that a formal agreement has been reached between Con Edison and the Village of Cornwall.  Con Edison agreed to pay the expenses for the studies and tests needed to determine an alternate water supply for the village, even if the project does not go through.  The water systems itself is still in negotiations between the parties.

Poche, Ward. “Cornwall Would Get 2-Million Gallon Water System Under Con Ed Proposal.” The Evening News 16 Jan. 1963: 6D.

This Evening News article discusses the report done by a water engineering firm from New York that was presented to the Village Board to study and make a decision based upon it regarding its course of action.  In the report the Hazen and Sawyer engineering firm of New York recommended that Cornwall should continue to use part of the Black Rock Forest system and develop a supplementary water supply, all of which should be paid for by Con Edison.

Poche, Ward. “Mailler, Duggan Suggest Outside Advice on Con Ed.” The Evening News
19 Feb. 1963: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that Stephen Duggan, a Cornwall resident and New York City lawyer, and Lee Mailler, a former chairman of the water committee for the Village, both recommended to the Village Board that they should seek an outside opinion on the water supply, one that would be in the interest of the residents of Cornwall. They both feel Hazen and Sawyer is a fine engineering company, but that it is working for Con Edison and not the Village and is therefore biased in its recommendations.

Poche, Ward. “Reservoir Acquisition Discussed At Cornwall, Con Edison Meeting.” The Evening News 9 Feb. 1963: 3A.

This Evening News article reports on the meeting held between Cornwall officials, Con Edison, and Hazen and Sawyer (the water engineering firm) regarding the village’s water supply. Con Edison promised there would be no interruption in the village’s water supply while under construction, and they are still hoping to begin construction by May 1st.

“Resident Suggests Con Edison Conditions.” The Evening News 19 Mar. 1963: 2A. 

This Evening News article describes a letter that was sent to the Village Board from a resident of Cornwall. This resident stated that she was opposed to the project unless a good water supply was provided, there was written assurance that the beauty of the land wouldn’t be destroyed, and all contracts were handled openly. 

Rockefeller, Laurance S. “Letters to The Times/ Power Plants on the Hudson/ Laurance Rockefeller Reports on Steps Taken to Preserve Area.” New York Times 26 Jun. 1963: 38.

This letter to the editor in the New York Times was written by Laurance Rockefeller, Vice-President of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission (PIPC). He addresses a previous article that was written entitled “Defacing the Hudson.” Mr. Rockefeller defends the PIPC’s decision to not interfere with Consolidated Edison’s plan to build a power plant on Storm King Mountain, stating that the Commission had to face the fact that the power plant is needed for the good of the general public. He mentions the changes Consolidated Edison has made to make the power plant less obtrusive, at great cost to themselves, and how the PIPC has been working closely with the power company to ensure that all practical measure to protect the beauty of the area are taken.

“Site of Con Edison Hydro Project at Cornwall.” The Middletown Times Herald Record
7 Mar. 1963: 4.

This Times Herald Record photo and caption shows a close-up map of the Con Edison hydroelectric power project at Cornwall. The map shows the Upper Reservoir, which would be taken over by Con Edison, as well as where the power tunnels would be drilled into the mountain.

“Test Drilling for Wells Authorized at Cornwall.” The Evening News 22 Jan 1963: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that the Village of Cornwall has authorized Hazen and Sawyer to begin test drilling for supplementary water supplies from wells. The article also has additional comments on the report that the Evening News is reprinting in five parts.

“Village and Con Ed ‘Not Far Apart’ On Reservoir Price; Seek Appraisal By Expert Before Setting Final Value.” The Cornwall Local 14 Feb. 1963: 1.

This Cornwall Local article reports on a closed session between Cornwall officials, Hazen and Sawyer, and Con Edison that dealt with negotiating the price of the Upper Reservoir which Con Edison wishes to purchase from Cornwall.  The Mayor of Cornwall feels confident in their lawyers and Con Ed’s and relayed that the Village Attorney is confident Con Ed will accept most of his proposals.

“Wells Considered in Survey of Cornwall Water Needs; Hazen, Sawyer Cite New Windsor’s Moodna Creek Source” The Evening News 23 Jan. 1963: 2A.

Part three of the Hazen and Sawyer report reprinted by the Evening News. This part of the report discusses the use of a ground water supply (or wells) as a supplement to the remaining Cornwall water supply. The report also includes estimates of how much it would cost Con Edison to use this alternate source of water.

“Who Is Guarding Cornwall’s Interests?” Editorial. The Middletown Times Herald Record
12 Feb. 1963: 32.

This Times Herald Record editorial raises the question of whether or not the Village Board is doing its duty to protect the citizens of Cornwall. Its main point is the fact that there is no written agreement between the Village of Cornwall and Hazen and Sawyer, the engineering firm the village hired to get an opinion of the water supply situation.  The author believes that any oral agreement shrouded in secrecy cannot be in the interest of the people, especially when the village is ultimately not the one paying for the study, and that the Village Board mishandled the whole affair. It also states that while the interests of Cornwall and Con Ed overlap, they are not and can never be identical.

 

1964

“50-Boat Flotilla Pickets Con-Ed’s Storm King Site.” The Times Herald Record 8 Sep. 1964: 15.

This Times Herald Record article reports that an armada of yachts, kayaks, and sailboats sailed up the Hudson River with signs protesting Con Edison’s proposed hydroelectric plant. Two members dressed as Continental Army soldiers went ashore and planted a sign that said, “Dig You Must Not,” a play on the Con Edison slogan “Dig We Must.”

“Assemblyman Urges Power Plant Delay.” New York Times 1 Oct. 1964: 26.

This article in the New York Times announces that Senator Pomeroy, a known conservationist, has been urging the Federal Power Commission to delay licensing Consolidated Edison to build their hydroelectric power plant on Storm King Mountain. He stated that his committee would conduct a thorough study of the project, and may hold public hearings.

“Beauty of the Hudson.” Editorial. The Evening News 5 May 1964: 6A.

This Evening News editorial discusses the opposition and progress of Con Edison.  The editorial notes that the utility companies need to consider the beauty of the Hudson in their projects, but those who love the beauty of the Hudson need to be reasonable in their acceptance of progress.

“Beauty on the River.” Letters. The Herald Tribune 19 May 1964: 22.

These Herald Tribune letters to the editor are in response to the editorial titled “Beauty over Electricity” and all the letters support the arguments the editorial made that Hudson River beauty should be fought for and preserved.

“Beauty over Electricity.” Editorial. The Herald Tribune 10 May 1964: 22.

This Herald Tribune editorial remarks that an unharmed Storm King Mountain is worth more than cheap electricity and urges the FPC to take its time and listen to all the arguments at the Con Ed hearings. The editorial also states, “This newspaper believes that the Hudson landscape is too valuable for tampering that can’t be undone.”

Blair, William M. “Con Ed Gives View On Hudson Plant/ Offers at F.P.C. Hearing to Work Out Solution With Foes of Construction.” New York Times 18 Nov. 1964: 49.

This article in the New York Times discusses Consolidated Edison’s willingness to sit down with the opponents to the plant and try to work out a way to find a solution to the esthetic problem that will satisfy anyone. Con Ed recognizes the determination of the opposition to take this matter to the courts if necessary and they want to avoid that if at all possible.

Blair, William M. “Con Edison Plant On Hudson Backed/ F.P.C. Staff Proposes That Company Be Licensed to Build $130 Million Unit/ Cable Line Rerouted/ Alternative Would Avoid Any Congested Areas to Quell Westchester Protests.” New York Times 17 Jun. 1964: 45.

This article in the New York Times reports that the Federal Power Commission is going to recommend that Consolidated Edison be granted their license to build the pumped storage plant in Cornwall, New York. The Commission also recommended an alternate route for the overhead power lines that need to be built.

Blair, William M. “F.P.C. Asks Con Ed To Remap Its Line/ Calls Its Own Hudson Route Shorter and Less Costly.” New York Times 18 Jun. 1964: 70.

This article in the New York Times discusses how the F.P.C. is planning on granting Consolidated Edison their license to build the pumped storage plant on Storm King Mountain, provided that they build the transmission lines on the route that the F.P.C. recommended. The alternate route suggested by the F.P.C. will cost about a million dollars less than the route that Con Ed wanted to use.

Budelman, Richard J. “Conservationists Seek to Reopen Con Ed Hearing.” The Times Herald Record 29 Dec. 1964: 4.

This Times Herald Record article reports that the Cortlandt Conservation Association, Inc. of Croton-on-Hudson has filed a letter of intervention with the FPC requesting that the hearings be reopened to permit the introduction of important testimony dealing with the effect the plant would have on the striped bass and shad commercial fish hatcheries along the Hudson.

“Cameron Optimistic About Con Edison Project.” The Evening News 9 May 1964: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that Supervisor Gordon Cameron feels that the F.P.C. will grant Con Edison a temporary permit to begin construction on the hydroelectric plant at Cornwall.

“Cameron to Attend Hearings.” The Evening News 14 Nov. 1964: 2A. 

This Evening News article reports that Supervisor Gordon Cameron will attend the hearing called by the Joint Legislation Committee on Natural Resources at the Bear Mountain Inn.

“Con Ed Asks Fast Decision.”  The Evening News 16 Mar. 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reveals that Con Edison asked the Federal Power Commission to make a quick decision, as they are urgent to begin construction on the plant, and asked the commission not to hold more hearings regarding the effects of the plant on the aesthetic quality of the Hudson Valley.

“Con Ed Asks Swift Ruling On Hudson River Project.” New York Times 17 Mar. 1964: 27.

This article in the New York Times announces that Consolidated Edison has asked the Federal Power Commission to make a swift decision on whether they will license Con Ed to build the power plant on Storm King Mountain because construction needs to get underway so electricity can be supplied as soon as possible.

“Con Ed Brief Answers Claims of Opponents.” The Evening News 8 Dec. 1964: 4A.

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison has filed a brief with the Joint Legislative Committee to rebuke all of the claims made by their opponents at the Bear Mountain hearings. The article describes the claims made by the opponents and Con Edison’s reactions to those claims.

“Con Ed, Central Hudson Programs Draw Protests.” The Evening News 23 Jan. 1964: 3A.

This Evening News article reports on some of the opposition to the Con Edison hydroelectric plant at Cornwall. Complaints against the plant consist of: destruction of beautiful and old homes, damage to the scenery of the Hudson Valley, damage to West Point Reservation, disfiguring the mountains, unnecessary loss of Hudson River fish, and fear that the plant would set a precedent for more plants to be built along the Hudson. Con Edison states that it is doing all that it can to meet and/or overcome the objections. Protestors include the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference, the Audubon Society, and the New York Water Resources Commission.

“Con Ed Chairman Calls Scenery Fears Groundless.” The Times Herald Record
19 May 1964: 16.

This Times Herald Record article reports that Harland C. Forbes, Con Edison’s board chairman, made the remark at the utility’s annual stockholder meeting, that the fears of the opponents were groundless. The article also discusses other Con Ed matters held at the meeting.

“Con Ed Contest PSC Role in Cornwall Project.” The Times Herald Record 25 Sep. 1964: 47.

This Times Herald Record article reports that Con Edison has stated that the project is ultimately up to the FPC, despite the request from the Westchester Public Service Commission (PSC) that further action from the FPC should be held in abeyance until “proper state authorities have held full and complete hearings, which has not been done.”

“Con Ed Counsel Says Company’s Plans Not Issue Before WRC.” The Times Herald Record
24 Apr. 1964: 16.

This Times Herald Record article reports that Con Edison filed a brief with the Water Resource Committee (WRC) that supports the proposed alternate water plan, and includes a rebuttal statement to the chief opposition to the plan from the well site’s owner.

“Con Ed Hearing.” Editorial. The Times Herald Record 26 Feb. 1964: 26.

In this Times Herald Record editorial the editors believe the integrity of the private engineering firm hired to recommend an alternate water supply has been compromised by the village of Cornwall when they made an agreement with Con Edison that Con Ed pays the bills. The editors then comment that if the questions of the alternate water supply really being equal or better to the existing one are answered affirmatively, and due care is being taken to preserve the natural scenic beauty of the Hudson River Valley by the FPC, then the editors will then support the project despite their reservations with the Village of Cornwall’s procedural weaknesses.

“Con Ed Hearing Set on Feb. 25.” The Evening News 23 Jan. 1964: 3A.

This Evening News article reports that the Federal Power Commission has received questions about the effects of the project on the natural beauty of the area, local water supplies, and fish and wildlife services.

“Con Ed Hearings to Resume Apr. 20.” The Evening News 3 Apr. 1964: 1B.

This Evening News article reports that the FPC has denied Con Edison’s motion to close the hearings and grant them a license based on the evidence already presented in the hearings and the support shown from the Town and Village of Cornwall.

“Con Ed Line Opposed.” The Evening News 6 May 1964: 12D.

This Evening News article reports that Richard Ottinger demanded that the F.P.C. either disapprove Con Edison’s power plant or require the lines be underground through Putnam and Westchester counties.

“Con Ed Offers No Rebuttal.” The Evening News 12 Nov. 1964: 5B.

This Evening News article reports that the Town of Yorktown has claimed the power lines from the hydroelectric plant would lower property values and raise taxes, a claim which Con Edison does not refute. The article also comments on the upcoming F.P.C. decision and the fact that Con Edison is behind schedule in their plans to build the plant.

“Con Ed-on-the-Hudson.” Editorial. The Times Herald Record 11 May 1964: 26.

This Times Herald Record editorial states that it cannot see how the FPC can require the utility to provide all the conservationists demand when Con Edison has already made many concessions already that will cost them millions.  The editors comment that perhaps the FPC could require Con Ed to bury the transmission lines, but either pass the cost off to customers or let the public as a whole underwrite the cost of preserving the Hudson’s beauty.  This editorial was in response to those written in the New York Times and Herald Tribune.

“Con Ed Opponents Scored By Warden.” The Evening News 19 May 1964: 9B.

This Evening News article describes the opinions of a former Newburgh mayor, Herbert Warden. Warden calls Scenic Hudson’s opposition to Con Edison’s hydroelectric plant “asinine” and feels there are other things Scenic Hudson can do besides “trying to impede progress.”

“Con Ed Opponents to Convene Saturday.” The Evening News 5 Nov. 1964: 12B.

This Evening News article reports that a mass meeting of Hudson Valley residents opposing Con Edison’s hydroelectric plant was held at Boscobel, Garrison.  Carl Carmer stated the group will organize to present its case in Washington to the FPC.

“Con Ed Project Opposed.” The Evening News 22 Oct. 1964: 13B.

This Evening News article reports that the New York State Garden Club has voted to send a letter to the Hudson River Conservation Society for support in opposing Con Edison’s hydroelectric power plant.

“Con Ed Projects Worries Highland; Board Asks Care in Development.” The Times Herald Record 9 Apr. 1964: 14.

This Times Herald Record article reports that the Highland Falls Village Board requests from Con Edison written assurance that recreational uses of Black Rock Forest can be continued and that the village of Highland Falls’ water supply isn’t contaminated by salt water from the plant.

“Con Ed’s New Plan Opposed.” The Evening News 1 May 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports on more opposition to Con Edison because of the company’s proposed power lines going through Philipstown. Residents of Philipstown want the power lines to be buried underground per an ordinance passed by the town board.

“Con Edison, Cornwall Terms Reported.” The Evening News 24 Oct. 1964: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that the mayor of Cornwall has released the terms of the agreement by which Con Edison will take over the Upper Reservoir in exchange for a $2.5 million water system for the village. The article reprints the terms as they are stated.

“Con Edison Hearings Postponed to May 4.” The Times Herald Record 8 Apr. 1964: 4.

This Times Herald Record article reports that the FPC has approved Scenic Hudson’s motion to delay the hearings and that the commission’s chief examiner met with counsel for Con Edison, Raymond Bradford representing Village of Cornwall, and counsel for Scenic Hudson and the Phillipstown Citizen Association in order to lay the ground rules for the next set of hearings. The article also discusses what will be brought up in the next round of hearings and the witnesses that will testify.

“Con Edison Plan Is Called Fatal to 2 Fish Industries.” New York Times 30 Dec. 1964: 34.

This article in the New York Times announces that the Cortlandt Conservation Association has claimed that if the power plant is built on Storm King Mountain, the striped bass and shad industries for the entire Atlantic will be wiped out. The Association is attempting to put together a petition to reopen the Federal Power Commission hearings on the power plant.

“Con Edison Scores Opposing Brief.” The Evening News 9 Oct. 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison stated that Scenic Hudson has resorted to pure speculation and hypothetical situations that this project would lead to the ultimate commercialization of the Hudson River. Con Ed noted in their brief that FPC Examiner Marsh had correctly concluded that the advantages outweigh any alleged adverse effect on the environment.

“Con Edison Situation.” The Times Herald Record 4 May 1964: 5.

This Times Herald Record article discusses the Con Edison proposed hydroelectric plant and all of the details surrounding the case as a way to bring readers up to date on the situation as it currently stands. It includes the time element, the proponents, the opponents, and the question marks dealing with the case.

“Con Edison’s Final Briefs Filed Monday with FPC.” The Times Herald Record 16 Jun. 1964: 16.

This Times Herald Record article reports that Raymond Bradford, Cornwall village attorney, has reported to the Cornwall trustees that all briefs have been filed with the FPC and both sides have until June 30 to write reply briefs. The article describes the brief submitted by Bradford to the FPC as well as other village matters.

“Conservationists Widen Objection to Con-Ed Plan.” New York Times 11 Jul. 1964: 27.

This article in the New York Times announces that the Hudson River Conservation Society has officially declared that it is against Consolidated Edison’s pumped storage plant. The organization had only given passive objections to the plant in the past, however after the F.P.C. announced to Con Ed that they should consider building an even bigger plant, the society decided to officially oppose it.

“Cornwall Argues for Water Plan.” The Times Herald 25 Apr. 1964: 4.

This Times Herald Record discusses the brief filed by the Village of Cornwall with the Water Resources Committee that supports its alternate water supply plan in place of the Upper Reservoir it wants to turn over to Con Edison for their hydroelectric plant.

“Cornwall Awards Water Line Contract for Con Ed Project.” The Evening News 16 Oct. 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison has agreed to pay $764,035 to a contractor to begin installing transmission lines from the Upper Reservoir and the New York aqueduct, even though Con Edison has not gotten the go ahead from the FPC.

“Cornwall Committee Opposes Con Ed.” The Evening News 6 Oct. 1964: 2A.

This Evening News article reports that a group called the Citizens Information Committee has formed in Cornwall in order to take a better and closer look at the proposed Con Edison hydroelectric plant. The Committee is concerned about the safety of dams in the reservoir Con Edison would use for its pumped storage plant.

“Cornwall, Con Ed Agree on Water.” The Evening News 20 Oct. 1964: 12B.

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison and Cornwall have reached an agreement on the Upper Reservoir and the village’s water supply. The village agrees to turn over the Upper Reservoir to Con Edison in exchange for a new water supply system that is to be built before the expansion of the reservoir so that the village has a potable water system in place when Con Edison begins expanding the reservoir.

“Cornwall Eyes Condemnation on Water Site.” The Evening News 13 Nov. 1964: 1B. 

This Evening News article reports that the Village of Cornwall will go into condemnation proceedings to acquire the Ogden well site for an alternate water supply, since Mr. Ogden has refused to give the village an asking price for the well.

“Cornwall Industrialist Notes Opposition to Con Edison.” The Evening News 1 May 1964: 1.

This Evening News article gives the statement from the head of a chemical research company in New Jersey, who says the Cornwall hydroelectric plant would be bad for both the scenic quality of the Hudson River and the people of Cornwall as their water supply could become contaminated from leaks of Hudson River water into the ground water supply.

“Cornwall Lions Endorse Con Edison Construction.” The Evening News 5 Feb. 1964: 6B.

This Evening News article reports that the Cornwall Lions Club has authorized open backing of Con Edison and their hydroelectric plant, and the club noted others could offer it their individual support.

“Cornwall Officials Hopeful of Con Ed Approval.” The Evening News 15 Dec. 1964: 11A.

This Evening News article reports that Cornwall officials are hopeful the FPC will approve the Con Edison proposed hydroelectric plant since Gov. Nelson Rockefeller has given his support to the project.  Rockefeller believes Con Edison has shown the need for more power and stated that the Conservation Department and State Council of Parks are working together to preserve the scenic quality of the Hudson Valley.

“Cornwall Officials Urge Favorable Vote.” The Evening News 17 Mar. 1964: 1.

This Evening News article provides details on the vote Cornwall Village held for getting a contract with New York and allowing Cornwall to tap into the Catskill Aqueduct for an alternate water supply.

“Cornwall Plans Three Water Supply Sources.” The Evening News 6 Feb. 1964: 2A.

This Evening News article describes the Village of Cornwall’s proposal for getting alternate water supplies. The proposal plans for the Village to obtain water from Arthur’s Pond, the Catskill Aqueduct, and existing ground water.

“Cornwall Residents Take Exception to Con Edison Story.” The Evening News 18 Feb. 1965: 8B.

This Evening News article reports that residents of Cornwall and the Mayor of Cornwall have taken offense to an article written in the New York World Telegram entitled “Cornwall: Feud on the Mountain.”  The Mayor states that the article is misleading and inaccurate, as there is no feud in Cornwall, and that some of the statements were never given by those who reportedly said them.  He also says that while there is disagreement among residents in Cornwall, there is no divided village.

“Dow Explains Stand on Con Ed.” The Evening News 18 Nov. 1964: 8B.

This Evening News article reports on Congressman-elect John G. Dow’s favorable position on the Con Edison proposed hydroelectric plant.  Dow explains that the human factors outweigh the preservation factors and that he has to look out for the people in his district’s interests.  He feels this project will bring jobs and tax benefits to the area, and that he cannot ask thousands of people to sacrifice in order to prevent a scar on the highlands.

“Dow May Attend Con Ed Hearings.” The Evening News 11 Nov. 1964: 1B.

This Evening News article reports that Congressman-elect John Dow may attend the Con Ed hearings in Washington and at Bear Mountain, and mentions that the Congressman-elect will not officially state his position on the project until he has studied the matter more closely.

“Engineers Feel Wells at Cornwall Unaffected in Con Edison Project.” The Evening News 22 Feb. 1964: 2A.

This Evening News article discusses the concerns Cornwall locals have about the proposed alternate water supply of using ground water.  Hazen and Sawyer, Cornwall village water engineers, do not think there will be any problems with using this water and attempts to alleviate any of the community’s concerns.

“FPC Aides Support Con Edison.” The Evening News 16 Jun. 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports that the FPC staff has recommended that Con Edison be granted a license for a $130 million hydroelectric project at Cornwall, NY.

“F.P.C. Report Backs Hudson Power Plan.” New York Times 12 Mar. 1964: 16.

This article in the New York Times reports that Edward B. Marsh, Chief Examiner to the Federal Power Commission, has stated that the hydroelectric plant in Cornwall would not have any adverse effects on the scenic beauty of the Hudson River Valley. A two-day hearing was held on the matter, and Marsh reported that no evidence was given to prove that the scenic beauty of the landscape would be ruined.

“FPC Sets Date in Con Ed Case.” The Evening News 2 Oct. 1964: 1B.

This Evening News article reports that the FPC has set Nov. 17th as the last day for all arguments against granting Con Edison the license to build their hydroelectric plant.  The FPC reopened the record on the case to allow the Town of Yorktown to put in evidence on the overhead transmission line scheduled to cross the town.

“FPC Staff Questions Vital in Hydro Plan.” The Times Herald Record 10 Apr. 1964: 5.

This Times Herald Record article reports that the Federal Power Commission’s (FPC) engineering and legal staffs will have an important influence on the May 4 hearings on Con Ed’s proposed hydroelectric plant and it notes that the FPC is concerned about Con Edison’s intent to grow once the plant is built.

“FPC Upholds Power Lines.” The Evening News 11 May 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports on the testimony of an F.P.C. official that believes Con Edison could put the new power lines above the existing routes between Carmel and Millwood, which would save Con Edison money and help appease the residents of these towns.

Fischer, James S. “Burning Dump Commended to Scenic Group.” Letter. The Evening News
20 May 1964: 6A.

This Evening News letter to the editor recommends to the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference that their time would be better spent addressing issues such as the Beacon Dump.

Folsom, Merrill. “Con Ed Project On Hudson Gains/ State Approves Plan to Sell Reservoir in Mountains for a Power Plant/ Dikes Called A Peril/ Landowners Study Action-Cornwall Mayor Sees Benefit to Village.” New York Times 20 May 1964: 45.

This article in the New York Times announces that the State Water Resources Commission approved the plans for the Village of Cornwall to sell their reservoir to Con Ed, and receive new water by digging new wells and tapping the New York City aqueduct. The article also mentions that opponents to the project met to discuss what legal actions they could take to try and stop the power plant. The F.P.C. expects to have a decision on the license for Con Ed to build the power plant in the summer.

Folsom, Merrill. “Project By Con Ed Debated Upstate/ Plant at Cornwall Would Be Offensive, Inquiry is Told.” New York Times 20 Mar. 1964 : 65.

This article in the New York Times reports that a public hearing was held for the Water Resources Commission of the State Department of Commerce and the Storm King pumped storage plant project was debated. Alexander Saunders made a statement on behalf of Scenic Hudson, but the Village of Cornwall overwhelmingly approved tapping the Catskill Aqueduct so that Consolidated Edison could build its power plant and use their current fresh water source as a holding pond. The secretary of the commission stated that all aspects of the case would be considered to see if the Village of Cornwall should be allowed to tap into the Aqueduct. The rest of the article gives an overview of what the power plant will do and how.

Folsom, Merrill. “Storm King Plant Moves Step Nearer.” New York Times 17 Dec. 1964: 43.

This article in the New York Times announces that one of the obstacles blocking the Storm King Power Plant has been removed. Mr. Ralph Ogden withdrew his suit from the State Supreme Court that was attempting to block Cornwall from digging wells on his property. Consequently, Cornwall withdrew their suit that would condemn his property. Cornwall needs to dig wells on Mr. Ogden’s property because the power plant would be using their current water supply as a holding reservoir.

Garrett, Bill. “Area Unionists Favor Project By Con Edison.” The Evening News 5
May 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports how the local unionists from Newburgh and other surrounding areas testified at the FPC hearing in support of the Con Edison hydroelectric plant. The members of the union support the project because of the jobs that would be brought to the area and believe there will be no lasting effects detrimental to the scenery.

This Evening News article reports that a witness for Con Edison has testified at the FPC hearing in Washington that it would cost about $8.2 million to bury the transmission lines under the Hudson River from the plant at Cornwall.

Garrett, Bill. “Con Ed Would Rather Quit Than Bury Lines.” The Evening News 4 May 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison’s board chairman (Forbes) does not see a point in burying the power lines over Phillipstown and that Con Edison is willing to work with the town in creating a better waterfront if the town is willing. The article also talks about Richard Ottinger’s opposition to the hydroelectric plant and describes it as politically motivated.

Garrett, Bill. “Scenic Hudson, Con Ed Lawyers Argue at Session.” The Evening News
7 Apr. 1964: 1B.

This Evening News article reports that an argument was touched off between Con Edison and Scenic Hudson when the FPC hearing examiner asked Scenic Hudson to clarify its position on the case. Con Edison believes Scenic Hudson’s participation in the proceedings should be limited to those dealing with the scenic beauty of the Hudson and not the river itself.

Garrett, William. “Briefs Filed in Con Ed Controversy; FPC Aide Favors Utility’s Proposal.”
The Evening News 17 Jun. 1964: 7D.

This Evening News article describes the briefs filed with the FPC from Con Edison and Scenic Hudson and reports that counsel for the FPC has recommended Con Edison be rewarded the license to build the hydroelectric plant.

Garret, William. “Con Ed Foes Plan to Appeal in Court.” The Evening News 9 May 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports that Scenic Hudson and the Phillipstown Citizen Association would appeal the case if they were to lose in the hearings.  The article also describes some of the reasons why these groups and others are opposed to the hydroelectric plant and Con Edison, such as power lines and destroying the scenery of the Hudson Valley.

Garrett, William. “Con Ed Hearing Rules Set.” The Evening News 13 Nov. 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports the time limits set by the FPC for both sides to present their closing arguments at the hearing.

Garrett, William. “Con Edison Testimony in 9th Day.” The Evening News 11 May 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports that Scenic Hudson completed its case against Con Edison in the hearings. Con Edison’s counsel has referred to the group as “crusaders” as the group gave last testimony on alternatives to the hydroelectric plant. Scenic Hudson argued that gas-turbine plants would be more beneficial for Con Edison, whereas Con Edison argued that they would be too expensive and difficult to soundproof.

Garrett, William. “Cornwall Seepage Seen No Problem.” The Evening News 12 May 1964: 1. 

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison brought forth two witnesses that claimed there would be minimal seepage of Hudson River water into the bedrock and consequently into the Cornwall water supply and any that did would not be of “grave importance.”

Garrett, William. “Decision Seen in July on Con Edison Project.” The Evening News
13 May 1964: 16A.

This Evening News article reports that the decision made by the F.P.C. will be delayed until July in order to allow time for filing briefs by opposing and commission attorneys. Con Edison had wanted to begin construction on May 15, but now will not be able to until the end of summer at the earliest. Opposing groups are determined to appeal any decision that is adverse to them. The article also sums up the final testimonies in the hearing.

Garrett, William. “FPC Could Set Precedent If Con Ed Must Bury Lines.” The Evening News
12 May 1964: 12B.

This Evening News article reports that the F.P.C. could set a precedent if they order Con Edison to bury the power lines underground, something that Con Edison has said it would rather abandon the project than have to do. The article also recounts several of the last testimonies given at the F.P.C. hearing – those dealing with river water seeping into the ground water supply and alternate solutions to building a hydroelectric plant.

Garrett, William. “FPC Hears Con Ed Arguments.” The Evening News 17 Nov. 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison has declared to the FPC that no other project could replace the one they have proposed at Storm King Mountain and have asked to be granted the license to begin construction. Richard Ottinger, on the other hand, feels the FPC should delay their decision until more information can be gathered about the lasting effects the plant will have on the surrounding communities and the land itself.

Garrett, William. “FPC Hears of Central Hudson Plans.” The Evening News 8 May 1964: 3B.

This Evening News article reports that Leo Rothschild of the Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference informed the F.P.C. that Central Hudson also has plans to build a hydroelectric plant in the future.

Garrett, William. “FPC Pledges ‘Right Decision’ In Con Ed Case.” The Evening News
18 Nov. 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports that the FPC has stated that it will not let power cost alone decide whether they grant Con Edison a license to build their proposed hydroelectric plant; it will consider the other arguments and make sure the overall public benefits are the controlling factor. The article discusses the arguments for the project from Con Ed and some of the opposing arguments from Phillipstown and Scenic Hudson.

Garrett, William. “Historian Scores Con Ed’s Project.” The Evening News 8 May 1964: 1.

This Evening News article describes historian Carl Carmer’s opposition to the Con Edison hydroelectric plant and his testimony in defense of the history of the Hudson Valley during the F.P.C. hearings. Carmer believes that the conservation movement is important to all citizens, as there is no other part of the country that is more historically important than the Hudson Valley.

Garrett, William. “Month Delay Seen for Con Edison Project.” The Evening News 6 May 1964: 12D.

This Evening News reports that Con Edison’s target start date of May 15th will not be plausible, and the project will be delayed pending the approval of the F.P.C.  Con Edison wanted to start construction then in order to be able to have the plant available for the summer of 1967.

Garrett, William. “Most of Con Ed Plant Due Underground.” The Evening News 7 May 1964: 2B.

This Evening News article reports that Con Edison testified that the plant itself will be below sea level and buried into Storm King Mountain itself. Con Ed also testified that it would not use Aleck Meadow as another source of water for the pumped storage plant. These statements were met with approval from both mayors of Newburgh and Cornwall.

Garrett, William. “Mullin Supports Con Ed.” The Evening News 6 May 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports that the mayor of Newburgh, Joseph Mullin, gives his full support to Con Edison and urges the F.P.C. to quickly approve the project. The mayor feels the project will improve Newburgh’s economy and the Hudson Valley. The article also discusses the opposition to the project and the mayor’s disapproval of this opposition, as he feels the economy and its people are more important than scenic beauty.

Garrett, William. “Overhead Con Ed Lines Draw More Opposition.” The Evening News
8 May 1864: 1.

This Evening News article reports that more opposition from Phillipstown was presented at the FPC hearings from the town supervisor.  The power lines would violate Phillipstown zoning laws and would scar the landscape.

Garrett, William. “Scenic Group Cold to FPC Plan for New Con Ed Route.” The Evening News
19 Jun. 1964: 8D.

This Evening News article reports that Scenic Hudson is against the whole Con Edison project and that relocating the transmission lines is not enough. The article also discusses the different routes proposed for the transmission lines.

Garrett, William. “Scenic Group Plans to Fight Central Hudson.” The Evening News
15 May 1964: 1.

This Evening News article reports that Scenic Hudson plans to oppose Central Hudson if they too decide to build a hydroelectric plant across from Storm King Mountain on Breakneck Ridge. The article describes Scenic Hudson and one of its cofounders, Leo Rothschild, and lists the groups that support Scenic Hudson’s fight to save Storm King Mountain.

Garrett, William. “Scenic Hudson Continues Fight In Con Edison Case.” The Evening News
8 Apr. 1964: 1B.

This Evening News article repor